Critical Essay on Shakespeares Tragedy of Cymbeline

Influence of Folk Fairy Tales on â€Å"Cymbeline† by Shakespeare Folk tales and legends have always been an inexhaustible source of inspiration for many authors, creating their masterpieces in various times. William Shakespeare was not an exception. In a lot of his works a careful reader will notice references to folk legends. And his tragedy named Cymbeline is one of them. The play is not very familiar to a modern reader, but it doesn’t make it less valuable from the literary point of view or less interesting in terms of the intrigue. The plot of the story is based upon an ancient legend about Celtic British King Cunobelinus. Although it is classified as a tragedy, modern critics more often tend to refer the piece to the romantic style, and it can be easily understood why. Shakespeare highly appreciated the humanity and nobility of the human spirit, but believed that they could reign only in the fairy-tale situations. In Cymbeline this element is more than noticeable. The piece includes a lot of themes from popular folk fairy-tales, familiar to different nations. For instance, tricks and intrigues of the mean step-mother (the Queen), who is ready to perish her stepdaughter (Imogen, the daughter to the King of Britannia by a former Queen) and her own husband – Cymbeline, to have her stupid and shallow son Cloten at the head of the kingdom. Imogen’s escape has some reminiscences of the fairy-tale about the Snow White (a cave in the woods, gnomes). But here instead of gnomes we have noble Belarius, former courtier, outcast by Cymbeline, and the two sons of the King – legal inheritors of the kingdom, young and good-looking. Belarius declaims against feudal prejudices, because of which Imogen had nearly died and the author supports him. These are only a few folk motives this magic masterpiece contains.

Millennials Are Feeling The Bern - 872 Words

Millennials are feeling the Bern â€Å"Of the 30,000 young Democrats participating in the caucuses, there was overwhelming support for Sanders...† Who is Bernie and why is he winning majority of the young voters hearts and votes? Bernard Sanders also knowns as Bernie Sanders was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1941. Mr. Sanders graduated from James Madison high school in Brooklyn and spent one year at Brooklyn College. He then transferred to the University of Chicago, he graduated from there in 1964 and then bought land in Vermont. His interest in progressives politics peaked in 1971, He went to a meeting of â€Å"newly formed Liberty Union Party, a third-party alternative to the Democrats and the Republicans. He left that meeting as the party s candidate for the U.S. Senate, and ended up with two percent of the vote.† Losing didn’t stop him, in 1981 Sanders ran for mayor of Burlington, the largest city in the state. He beat the six-term â€Å"democratic incumbent by 12 votes† In 1990 he served in congress as an independent. †Through 2005 he had been re-elected seven times. He was the longest-serving independent in the history of the House of Representatives.† In April 2015, Bernie Sanders announced he was entering the race for the 2016 Democratic nomination for presidency. As Bernie began giving his speeches and the number of listeners grew, his message for a better life drew in the younger crowds. â€Å"Our goal should be a society in which all people have a decent standard of living, notShow MoreRelatedPresidential Election Vs. Democratic Candidates2063 Words   |  9 Pageslarge difference between their voters. Both candidates, although having similar views, attract extremely different voters. According to demographics and from what I have witnessed in my own hometown, Sanders attracts young voters, most from the â€Å"Millennial Generation,† while Clinton attracts older voters. In reference to an Iowa entrance poll, â€Å"Sanders surpasse d Hilary Clinton 84% to 14% among Democrats aged 17 to 29†¦while Clinton won among voters aged 45 and older.† The age gap between the candidates’Read MoreThe Progressive Era1825 Words   |  8 Pagessuccessful impact the Progressive Era had on the nation between 1900 and 1920. Today, the name Bernie Sanders has become a household name. Many quote about â€Å"Feeling the Bern,† on social media, while his support rallies tend to outnumber Hillary Clinton, another democratic candidate, rallies almost two to one. Predominately favored by millennial voters, Sanders is the leading democratic candidate for the 2016 presidential election. Sanders runs on a platform of radical social, moral, and economic reformation

The Nature of Viruses Free Essays

Viruses are sub-cellular agents of infection that must utilize the cellular machinery of bacteria, plants or animals in order to reproduce. Composed of a single strand of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein capsid, a virus is too small to be seen by standard light microscopy; indeed, most are less than one hundredth the size of a bacterium. Specific proteins on the viral capsid attach to receptors on the host cell; this attachment process is essential to viral infectivity and explains why viruses may only infect the cells of certain species or may only infect certain cells or tissues within a given host species. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nature of Viruses or any similar topic only for you Order Now While the infecting virus triggers an immune response in the host, some are capable of suppressing that response by infecting and killing cells that control immunity (e. g. HIV attacks lymphocytes). In addition, while most infected cells are destroyed by viral replication, some viruses enter a latent phase within cells, reactivating in the future to produce chronic or relapsing infections. Many viruses use specific carriers (known as vectors) such as mosquitoes, ticks, bats and rodents that transmit the virus to a susceptible host while others are spread between individuals via blood contact or through respiratory, intestinal or sexual secretions. Of special concern is the fact that mutations within the viral genome may allow viruses to skip from one host (e. g. birds, swine, monkeys) to another (e. g. humans), unleashing pandemics. Many common human infections are produced by viruses; these include the common cold, influenza, mononucleosis, herpes infections (including shingles), viral hepatitis (A, B, C and others), HIV, viral gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, viral pneumonia, encephalitis, viral meningitis and viral infections of the heart, including pericarditis and myocarditis. While viruses do not respond to antibiotics, specific antiviral agents may control (though not cure) chronic disease (such as HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C) or may modify the severity of acute infection (as in influenza and herpes infections). However, in most viral infections, treatment is, for now, purely symptomatic and supportive. On the other hand, vaccines are capable of preventing some viral infections (e. g. herpes simplex, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, Hepatitis B) or reducing the severity of an acute infection (e. g. influenza). Beyond the acute or chronic illness that they produce, some viral infections (such and Hepatitis C and certain strains of herpes simplex) are known to be precursors of malignancy. Finally, many researchers suspect that viruses play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic illnesses such as multiple sclerosis and autoimmune disorders. ttp://naturesblog. blogspot. com/2013/01/the-nature-of-viruses. html The Nature of Viruses Viruses exist in two different states, the extracellular infectious particle or virion and the intracellular state consisting of viral nucleic acid. The capsid may be a polyhedron or a helix, or a combination of both (in some phages). Viruses are infective micro ¬o rganisms that show several differences from typical microbial cells. 1. Size. The size range of viruses is from about 20 to 300 nm. On the whole, viruses are much smaller than bacteria. Most animal viruses and all plant viruses and phages are invisible under the light microscope. 2. Simple structure. Viruses have very simple structures. The simplest viruses are nucleoprotein particles consisting of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein capsid. In this respect they differ from typical cells which arc made up) of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nuc1eicacids. The more complex viruses contain lipids and carbohydrates in addition to proteins and nucleic acids, e. g. the enveloped viruses 3. Absence of cellular structure. Viruses do not have any cytoplasm, and thus cytoplasmic organelles like mitochondria, Golgi complexes, lysosomes, ribosomes, etc. , are absent. They do not have any limiting cell membrane. They utilize the ribosomes of the host cell for protein synthesis during reproduction. 4. No independent metabolism. Viruses cannot multiply outside a living cell. No virus has been cultivated in a cell-free medium. Viruses do not have an independent metabolism. They are metabo ¬lically inactive outside the host cell because they do not posses enzyme systems and protein synthesis machinery. Viral nucleic acid replicates by utilizing the protein synthesis machinery of the host. It codes for the synthesis of a limited number of viral proteins, including the subunits or capsomeres of the capsid, the tail protein and some enzymes concerned Viruses have only one nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA. Typical cells have both DNA and RNA. Genomes of certain with the synthesis or the release of virions. 5. Nucleic acids. RNA viruses can be transcribed into complementary DNA strands in the infected host cells, e. g. Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV). Such RNA viruses are therefore also called RNA-DNA viruses. 6. Crystallization. Many of the smaller viruses can be crystallized, and thus behave like chemicals. 7. No growth and division. Viruses do not have the power of growth and division. A fully formed virus does not increase in, size by addition of new molecules. The virus itself cannot divide. Only its genetic material (RNA or DNA) is capable of reproduction and that too only in a host cell. It will thus be seen that viruses do not show all the characteris ¬tics of typical living organisms. They, however, possess two funda ¬mental characteristics of living systems. Firstly, they contain nucleic acid as their genetic material. The nucleic acid contains instructions for the structure and function of the virus. Secondly, they can reproduce themselves, even if only by using the host cells synthesis machinery. Viral genomes The nucleic acid comprising the genome may be single-stranded or double-stranded, in a linear, circular or segmented configuration. Single-stranded virus genomes may be: †¢ positive (+)sense, i. e. of the same polarity (nucleotide sequence) as mRNA †¢ negative (-)sense Ambisense – a mixture of the two. N/B. Virus genomes range in size from approximately 3,200 nucleotides (nt) to approximately 1. 2 million base pairs Unlike the genomes of all cells, which are composed of DNA, virus genomes may contain their genetic information encoded in either DNA or RNA. Since viruses are obligate intracellular parasites only able to replicate inside the appropriate host cells, the genome must contain information encoded in a form which can be recognized decoded by the particular type of cell parasitized. Thus, the genetic code employed by the virus must match or at least be recognized by the host organism. Similarly, the control signals which direct the expression of virus genes must be appropriate to the host. Many of the DNA viruses of eukaryotes closely resemble their host cells in terms of the biology of their genomes: Some DNA virus genomes are complexed with cellular histones to form a chromatin-like structure inside the virus particle. http://expertscolumn. com/content/nature-viruses http://www. mcb. uct. ac. za/tutorial/virorig. html Viral evolution Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses. Many viruses, in particular RNA viruses, have short generation times and relatively high mutation rates (on the order of one point mutation or more per genome per round of replication for RNA viruses). This elevated mutation rate, when combined with natural selection, allows viruses to quickly adapt to changes in their host environment. Viral evolution is an important aspect of the epidemiology of viral diseases such as influenza (influenza virus), AIDS (HIV), and hepatitis (e. . HCV). It also causes problems in the development of successful vaccines and antiviral drugs, as resistant mutations often appear within weeks or months after the beginning of the treatment. One of the main theoretical models to study viral evolution is the quasispecies model, as the viral quasispecies. | Origins Viruses are ancient. Studies at the molecular level have revealed relationships between viruses infecting organisms from each of the three domains of life, and viral proteins that pre-date the divergence of life and thus the last universal common ancestor. 1] This indicates that viruses emerged early in the evolution of life and existed before modern cells. [2] There are three classical hypotheses on the origins of viruses: Viruses may have once been small cells that parasitised larger cells (the degeneracy hypothesis[3][4] or reduction hypothesis[5]); some viruses may have evolved from bits of DNA or RNA that â€Å"escaped† from the genes of a larger organism (the vagrancy hypothesis[6] or escape hypothesis); or viruses could have evolved from complex molecules of protein and nucleic acid at the same time as cells first appeared on earth (the virus-first hypothesis). 5] None of these hypotheses was fully accepted: the regressive hypothesis did not explain why even the smallest of cellular parasites do not resemble viruses in any way. The escape hypothesis did not explain the complex capsids and other structures on virus particles. The virus-first hypothesis was quickly dismissed because it contravened the definition of viruses, in that they require host cells. [5] Virologists are, however, beginning to reconsider and re-evaluate all three hypotheses. [7][8] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Viral_evolution Evolution Time-line of paleoviruses in the human lineage[9] Viruses do not form fossils in the traditional sense, because they are much smaller than the grains of sedimentary rocks that fossilize plants and animals. However, the genomes of many organism contain endogenous viral elements (EVEs). These DNA sequences are the remnants of ancient virus genes and genomes that ancestrally ‘invaded’ the host germline. For example, the genomes of most vertebrate species contain hundreds to thousands of sequences derived from ancient retroviruses. These sequences are a valuable source of retrospective evidence about the evolutionary history of viruses, and have given birth to the science of paleovirology. 9] The evolutionary history of viruses can to some extent be inferred from analysis of contemporary viral genomes. The mutation rates for many viruses have been measured, and application of a molecular clock allows dates of divergence to be inferred. [10] Viruses evolve through changes in their DNA (or RNA), some quite rapidly, and the best adapted mutants quickly outnumber their less fit counterparts. In this sense their evolution is Darwinian, just like that of their host organisms. [11] The way viruses reproduce in their host cells makes them particularly susceptible to the genetic changes that help to drive their evolution. 12] The RNA viruses are especially prone to mutations. [13] In host cells there are mechanisms for correcting mistakes when DNA replicates and these kick in whenever cells divide. [13] These important mechanisms prevent potentially lethal mutations from being passed on to offspring. But these mechanisms do not work for RNA and when an RNA virus replicates in its host cell, changes in their genes are occasionally introduced in error, some of which are lethal. One virus part icle can produce millions of progeny viruses in just one cycle of replication, therefore the production of a few â€Å"dud† viruses is not a problem. Most mutations are â€Å"silent† and do not result in any obvious changes to the progeny viruses, but others confer advantages that increase the fitness of the viruses in the environment. These could be changes to the virus particles that disguise them so they are not identified by the cells of the immune system or changes that make antiviral drugs less effective. Both of these changes occur frequently with HIV. [14] Phylogenetic tree showing the relationships of morbilliviruses of different species[15] Many viruses (for example, influenza A virus) can â€Å"shuffle† their genes with other viruses when two similar strains infect the same cell. This phenomenon is called genetic shift, and is often the cause of new and more virulent strains appearing. Other viruses change more slowly as mutations in their genes gradually accumulate over time, a process known as genetic drift. [16] Through these mechanisms new viruses are constantly emerging and present a continuing challenge to attempts to control the diseases they cause. [17][18] Most species of viruses are now known to have common ancestors, and although the â€Å"virus first† hypothesis has yet to gain full acceptance, there is little doubt that the thousands of species of modern viruses have evolved from less numerous ancient ones. 19] The morbilliviruses, for example, are a group of closely related, but distinct viruses that infect a broad range of animals. The group includes measles virus, which infects humans and primates; canine distemper virus, which infects many animals including dogs, cats, bears, weasels and hyaenas; rinderpest, which infects cattle and buffalo; and other viruses of seals, porpoises and dolphins. 20] Although it not possible to prove which of these rapidly evolving viruses is the earliest, for such a closely related group of viruses to be found in such diverse hosts suggests a possible ancient common ancestor. [21] The Nature of Viruses Viruses are sub-cellular agents of infection that must utilize the cellular machinery of bacteria, plants or animals in order to reproduce. Composed of a single strand of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein capsid, a virus is too small to be seen by standard light microscopy; indeed, most are less than one hundredth the size of a bacterium. Specific proteins on the viral capsid attach to receptors on the host cell; this attachment process is essential to viral infectivity and explains why viruses may only infect the cells of certain species or may only infect certain cells or tissues within a given host species. While the infecting virus triggers an immune response in the host, some are capable of suppressing that response by infecting and killing cells that control immunity (e. g. HIV attacks lymphocytes). In addition, while most infected cells are destroyed by viral replication, some viruses enter a latent phase within cells, reactivating in the future to produce chronic or relapsing infections. Many viruses use specific carriers (known as vectors) such as mosquitoes, ticks, bats and rodents that transmit the virus to a susceptible host while others are spread between individuals via blood contact or through respiratory, intestinal or sexual secretions. Of special concern is the fact that mutations within the viral genome may allow viruses to skip from one host (e. g. birds, swine, monkeys) to another (e. g. humans), unleashing pandemics. Many common human infections are produced by viruses; these include the common cold, influenza, mononucleosis, herpes infections (including shingles), viral hepatitis (A, B, C and others), HIV, viral gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, viral pneumonia, encephalitis, viral meningitis and viral infections of the heart, including pericarditis and myocarditis. While viruses do not respond to antibiotics, specific antiviral agents may control (though not cure) chronic disease (such as HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C) or may modify the severity of acute infection (as in influenza and herpes infections). However, in most viral infections, treatment is, for now, purely symptomatic and supportive. On the other hand, vaccines are capable of preventing some viral infections (e. g. erpes simplex, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, Hepatitis B) or reducing the severity of an acute infection (e. g. influenza). Beyond the acute or chronic illness that they produce, some viral infections (such and Hepatitis C and certain strains of herpes simplex) are known to be precursors of malignancy. Finally, many researchers suspect that viruses play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic illnesses such as multiple sclerosis and autoimmune disorders. development of viruses (images) How to cite The Nature of Viruses, Papers

Business Environment Fonterra Co-Operative- Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Management System of the Enterprise and applies Fayal's principles to the leadership style of this Company. Answer: Introduction Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited is one of the leading dairy cooperatives in the world with its roots in New Zealand. The company was established in the year 2001 through the merging two New Zealand's dairy section players; Kiwi Cooperative Dairies and the New Zealand Dairy Group. Currently, the company takes a share of about 30% of the total worlds dairy exports and is now the biggest company in New Zealand. Therefore, its existence in the country has positively impacted on the economy of New Zealand employing millions of the people to work in the company ("Home," n.d.). Fonterra operates in an international context and has many subsidiaries in the world. The primary business of Fonterra is to collect, manufacture and sell milk and milk-products in the market. It also handles fast moving consumer goods (abbreviated as FMCG), together with the food service business where it has employed many professionals for restaurants and bakeries. Therefore, the company sells its products directly to the consumers and also provides some out-of -home food service in various parts of the world. Besides, the organization has also partnered with many food companies where it supplies them with dairy products. The company has established five segments through which it operates. Each segment has its various activities of operation that work together to form the complete organization. The first part of Fonterra is the Global Ingredients and Operations (GIO), which deals in processing and production of milk and milk products together with marketing these products. The second segment is the Oceania, which specializes in the consumer goods in New Zealand ("Home," n.d.). The third section is the Greater China which operates in China dealing FMCG, food service and farming businesses mostly in the region of the greater China. Also, there is a segment called Oceania, handling the company's business in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Lastly, there a section called Latin America serving the Caribbean and South America. It handles the FMCG and it ingredients businesses. Management of Fonterra Fayols management principles of division of work, centralization and remuneration can be applied to the operation of Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited for effectiveness. The performance of Fonterra is greatly attributed to the management decisions (Brunsson, 2008). Firstly, principle of division of work is important; where the work load is divided among employees or various groups of employees to ensure they are the focus and concentrate on one task. In as much as Fonterra has shown efforts of embracing division of work, there is need to do more about it. The company can divide its operation task and then mandate its various segments to deal in these portions of work. This likely to help employees increase specialization which in turn improve their productivity (Cran, 2016). Also, the degree of centralization is another principle of management that Fayol suggested that it needs to be considered. Depending on the size of the company, there should be efforts to balance management and decision making (Van, 2009).Organizations should strive to maintain this balance for effectiveness. Fonterra has centralization in its structure and a lot of decision making authority lies on the senior management staff in the company. The organization should make efforts to ensure that the balance in decision making is attained (Angelo Ricky, 2009). Besides, Fayol discussed remuneration is one of the key aspects of successful management. Employees need sufficient compensation both financial and non-financial. Remuneration contributes to the satisfaction of the employees thus increasing their motivation (McLean, 2011). The company should consider various factors in determining the remuneration of the workers. These factors include the cost of living, the general business conditions and the business success among many other aspects. Sufficient remuneration package will motivate the employees, reduce their financial stress and thus increase their productivity in the organization thus it should never be under looked at any point (AlmashaqbaNemer, 2010). Fonterras Culture Every company has its own culture, which defines the way an organization does things.The corporate culture entails various areas such as the companys expectations, its experiences, the philosophy and the values that guide the organizations working and its general operation. It is based on a shared belief of the team that is expected to help it perform better. The business leaders are usually responsible for formulating the culture and communicating at the workplace (Tsai, 2011). Regarding the Fonterra's culture, the organization founded on a mission of working towards being the leader in the provision of dairy products all over the world, and positioning its products and services above all similar products on the globe (The Tipster, 2013).The organization is driven by a vision statement of sharing the natural source of proteins to the world by reaching the every person, everywhere and every day. The company operates on values to enable them to combine personal strengths with those of others to Fonterra stronger, better more innovative (Costanza et al., 2015).Therefore, the vision, mission and value statements have played a major role in communicating the culture of the company. Also, Fonterra runs on a cooperative philosophy which has been incorporated into the organizational culture. Some of these philosophies include the restriction that shares in Fonterra Group can only be held the supplying shareholders who agree to a dual commitment to supply milk and invest their capital to the business (Kleinbaum, 2013).The supplying parties must also own shares in the co-operative and also shares the financial benefits proportionally according to the shares they hold in the co-operative. The management control of Fonterra is controlled by the supplying shareholders who elect through voting. Fonterra maintains the culture of mutual benefit and sustainability and the transparency in the transactions of the company. This culture governs Fonterra and has the power of control on the way things are done at Fonterra (Boddy, 2011). Fonterras Business Environment Fonterra operates in a business context just like any other business. The operation, decision and moves of the company are influenced by the corporate environment in which the business operates. It is important to establish both the macro and micro environment in which the business operates. The macro business environment of Fonterra can be analyzed using PESTLE analysis which covers all contextual factors that affect the company. PESTLE is an abbreviation for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors (Steven Britt, 2008). Politically, the decisions and operations of Fonterra are influenced by the politics of the countries in which it carries out business. In some cases, the company experiences restrictions of trademarks, labeling actions, bio-diversity and quota's arguments. Regarding economic factors, Fonterra experiences influence in its operations due to these factors. They usually come from the economic state of the world, variations in foreign currency and also the changing demands for dairy products (Michael, 2008).These economic factors mainly cause general economic effects in the world. Socially, there is a rapid increase in the dairy needs in the world consumer markets. Thus, Fonterra is currently enjoying the social effects of the growth in nutrition demands (Charles, 2012). Fonterras environment is also affected by the technological factors. New technologies that affect the operation of the company are coming to the market, and Fonterra has to adopt them. Some of these technologies include the technology for cooling, heating and also transportation. Environmental factors also affect the operation of the company. The atmospheric conditions of New Zealand vary a lot like increased greenhouse effect, and this affects the performance of his dairy company. Besides, the existing legal systems affect the operation of Fonterra in the market. Some policies and regulations influence the operation of the business such permissions or restrictions to conduct certain businesses (Hamlin, 2015). Also, there are various legal structures that exist regarding the legal rights of the employees, the farmers and other people living in the system. Apart from the macro environmental factors, Fonterra is also affected by the micro environmental factors. These are factors that exist internally within the organization such as their leadership and other in house aspects of Fonterra. The company has experienced a fall in the share of the milk products in New Zealand market due to tight competition in the industry, and this has affected the operation of this organization. Also, the demand for milk products is not easily predicted and thus affects Fonterra's business. These internal factors among others have influenced the performance of the organization (Philip Gary, 2014). Conclusion As a summary, managing a business organization entails many aspects for consideration. The success of a given business enterprise is greatly attributed to its management. Fonterra, just like other business organizations in the world, has dedicated itself to deliver the milk, milk products, and food service to people all over the world. The company has an established management structure in place which guides its operation. Various Fayal's theories can be applied to the process of Fonterra. The organization has adopted a mechanistic governance structure and therefore,it employs most of the Fayals principles. Some of these theoretical principles include centralization where the organization has a hierarchical management structure, the division of work and specialization where employees are the workers are assigned specific tasks for a long time for mastery. Fonterra also emphasizes on Fayal's principle which emphasizes on the remuneration of the employees. The organization has a culture in place that dictates its operation. Formulation and adoption are cultures a responsibility resting upon the management of this business enterprise. The company has its mission, vision, values, and principles laid in place. This aspect of the corporate culture dictates the way Fonterra runs its business. Also as a summary, Fonterra is also influenced by the macro environment (factors outside the business organization) and micro environmental factors (those from within the company). An understanding of both the internal and external business environment is important for the management of the organization that helps it for its success. Recommended Strategies for Fonterra Fonterra has the potential of sustaining its top position for a long time. The company needs to put in place appropriate management strategies to ensure that the profitability of the organization increases continuously. The management should concentrate on reaching many customers around the globe for its growth. One of the best strategies to achieve this is through partnering with various food and nutrition organizations. The partnership will increase the volume sales of Fonterra's products and services improve the brand name and reach more customers. Fonterra should expand its efforts to target the global market. This increases diversification of the market thus increasing profitability and its general sustainability (Teixeira et al., 2012). Organizational culture is also a critical tool that the management team of Fonterra can adopt for effectiveness. Culture is a robust element that has control on the operation of the company, either positively or negatively. Fonterra should capitalize on the power of corporate culture through formulation, policies, and procedures that can be useful for the performance of the company. Internal culture will guide employees on the expectations of the company and also help manage successions when one employee leaves the company. Therefore, there is need to identify all important aspects necessary for the success of Fonterra and then communicate them effectively to people (Cameron, 2014). Besides, Fonterra's management must consider adopting appropriate marketing strategies for the organization. The Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning (STP) strategies are effective in the management and the success of the company. Fonterra's management has shown efforts to embrace STP strategies. However, the company needs to do more about this. Firstly, Fonterra should segment its market further depending on various factors or characteristics of the available market. The company can divide the market based on various aspects such as their consumption patterns, the purchase ability, their geographical location, their age and many other issues. This is necessary for successful management. It is also recommended that the management team of Fonterra should also consider targeting the segmented groups of customers. The company should produce the milk products that suit the characteristics of these specific groups of people. For example, the milk products should be packaged into smaller quantities that suit the suits consumers with lower purchase ability. Also, the company should continue positioning its products and services in the market above many others to ensure that the brand name stays top in the market. Combining these management strategies is likely to help increase the profitability of the organization thus giving it a competitive advantage over other players in the environment. This is likely to increase its sustainability and ensure it remains a top player in the dairy market References Almashaqba, Z. Nemer A., (2010). "The Classical Theory of Organization and its Relevance." International Research Journal of Finance Economics. 41: 6067. Angelo S. Ricky G. (2009). Human Resources Management, Biztantra Publication, New Delhi 2nd edition. Boddy, R. (2011).Corporate Psychopaths: Organizational Destroyers, Palgrave Macmillan Brunsson, K. (2008). "Some Effects of Fayolism." International Studies Of Management Organization.38(1): 3047. Cameron, B. (2014). Management. Strategic Leadership Review, pp. 22-27. Charles L. (2012). Essentials of Marketing (7e ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Costanza, David P., Nikki B., Meredith R., Jamie B., and Arwen H. (2015). The Effect of Adaptive Organizational Culture on Long-Term Survival.J Bus Psychology Journal of Business and Psychology, 1-21. Web. Cran, C.,(2016). The Art of Change Leadership: Driving Transformation In a Fast-Paced World,Wiley, Hoboken, N.J. pp. 17475 Hamlin, R. (2015)."Niche Marketing and Farm Diversification Processes: Insights From New Zealand And Canada." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. Home. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.fonterra.com/nz/en.html Kleinbaum, A. (2013).Creating a Culture of Profitability, Probabilistic Publishing,ISBN978-0964793897 McLean, J. (2011). "Fayol-Standing the test of time".British Journal of Administrative Management(74): 3233. Michael J., et al. (2008).Organizational Communication Perspectives and Trends(4th Ed.). Sage Publications. Philip K. Gary A, (2014).Principles of Marketing,Pearson Steven M. Britt, W. (2008).Organizational Psychology, A Scientist-Practitioner Approach, John Wiley Sons,ISBN978-0-470-10976-2. Teixeira, R., Koufteros, X. Peng, D. (2012)."Organizational Structure, Integration, and Manufacturing Performance: a Conceptual Model and Propositions." Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management.5(1): 6981. The Tipster. (2013). 4 Types of Organizational Culture. Arts FWD. 31st July 2017. Retrieved from https://artsfwd.org/4-types-org-culture/ Tsai, Y. (2011). "Relationship between Organizational Culture, Leadership Behavior, and Job Satisfaction." BMC Health Services Research BMC Health Serv Res(11)1, 98. Van V. (2009).14 Principles of Management (Fall). Retrieved on 31st July 2017 from ToolsHero: https://www.toolshero.com/management/14-principles-of-management/