Enron Corporation and Anderson case study Essay

Examining the fall of two Giants This case brings about the distributing of Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and pertinent to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Likewise, it is identified with SAS 103: Evaluating, Quality Control, and Independence Standards and Rules. [1] What were the business chance Enron confronted, and how did those dangers improve the probability if material errors in Enron’s budget summaries? The business dangers Enron confronted are as following: †¢Using complex plan of action †¢extensive utilizing particular reason elements †¢using untraditional dares to extend business quickly †¢limitations in GAAP The unpredictable plan of action utilized in Enron lead exaggerate its income while not uncover the specific estimation of obligation. Quantities of unique reason elements are utilized to keep obligation under the table. The untraditional endeavors incense the business development quickly and unsafe. Likewise, the impediment of GAAP makes it conceivable that administration took preferences of complex principles to shroud the genuine financial substance. These above improve the probability of material errors in Enron’s fiscal summaries. [2] (a) What are the duties of a company’s top managerial staff? (b) Could the top managerial staff at Enronâ€especially the review committeeâ€have forestalled the fall of Enron? (c) Should they have thought about the dangers and clear absence of freedom with Enron’s SPEs? What would it be a good idea for them to have done about it? The obligations of a company’s top managerial staff include: †¢Protect the shareholders’ resources and give an arrival on speculation †¢Make significant choices that influence investors (profits) †¢Decide on which officials to recruit/fire The fall of Enron could have been forestalled by the top managerial staff. The board should answerable for the company’s money related reports. In any case, they are neglected to unveil the off books liabilities to people in general, which ledâ the Enron fall. In addition, the board and the review council don't scrutinize any of the high hazard exchanges. They ought to have thought about the dangers and clear absence of autonomy with Enron’s SPEs. They ought to perceive that the high hazard exchanges with SPE will effectsly affect Enron. In the interim, they ought to ask SPE to revelation financials appropriately. [4] What are the inspector autonomy issues encompassing the arrangement of outside examining administrations, inside evaluating administrations, and the executives counseling administrations for a similar customer? Create contentions for why evaluators ought to be permitted to play out these administrations for a similar customer. Create separate contentions for why reviewers ought not be permitted to perform non-review administrations for their review customers. What is your view, and why? Reviewers ought not be permitted to perform non-review administrations for their review customers, since evaluators should be freedom. On the off chance that an examiner give the executives counseling administrations to his review customer, he is simply review what he have done, which ,I believe, is unimportant. Despite what might be expected, a few people may concur that evaluators ought to be permitted to play out their administrations for a similar customer. To start with, picking one firm to do these administrations can spare a lot of cash. Second, the evaluators will considerably more acquainted with the client’s business and its industry, which make their work effective. [6] Enron and Andersen endured extreme results in light of their apparent absence of trustworthiness and harmed notorieties. Indeed, a few people accept the fall of Enron happened as a result of a type of â€Å"run on the bank†. Some contend that Andersen encountered a comparable â€Å"run on the bank† the same number of top customers immediately dropped the firm in the wake of Enron’s breakdown. Is the â€Å"run on the bank† similarity substantial for the two firms? Why or why not? Indeed, I think the â€Å"run on the bank† similarity legitimate for the two firms. The misrepresentation of Enron’s financials drives a breakdown of speculator, client, and exchanging accomplice certainty. Its stocks experience a sharp droop. In the mean time, Standard and Poor’s rename Enron’s stocks as garbage bonds, causing pretty much every investor to feel perilous. The value drops to $0.26 per share in couple of days. Far more terrible, obligations holders start to call the advances on account of the lessened stock value, which lead the breakdown of Enron legitimately. Andersen encounters a comparative circumstance. The harmed notoriety of Andersen resultsâ in losing many top customers and organizations oversea. [9] What has been done, and what more do you accept ought to be done to reestablish the open trust in the evaluating calling and in the nation’s monetary revealing framework? The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is a decent method to reestablish the open trust in the inspecting calling and budgetary report. The Act required top administration to guarantee the exactness of money related data separately, and increment the freedom of outside inspectors. As the most serious act in history ever, I trust SOX can assist with reestablishing the open trust.

The Rule of Proximity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Rule of Proximity - Essay Example A portion of these highlights or news esteems (Kim, 2001) might be characteristic for the occasion or they might be outward. Inherent qualities might be noticeable quality or significance, level of human intrigue evoked, level of contention or discussion included and level of the uncommon ensnared (Kim, 2001). Outward qualities might be practicality and closeness of the occasion to the area at which the media will be operational (Kim, 2001). It is eminent, however, that the inherent qualities can likewise be associated to the media area since it is perceptible that qualities like noticeable quality or significance, capacity to bring out human intrigue, level of contention or discussion and level of the abnormal all depend somewhat upon how the populace at the media area normally identify with the populace at the occasion area. This is so in light of the fact that specialists have additionally seen that occasions at a specific area, when it is decided for newsworthiness at an area in another nation, are generally affected much by the social, political, monetary and geographic points of view the media nation holds of the occasion nation (Kim, 2001). In this way, the newsworthiness of an occasion in any nation, when decided corresponding to media in the United States, will rely much on the political significance the U.S.A. places upon the occasion nation (Kim, 2001). It will likewise rely much on the level of danger or advantage that occasion has for the U.S.A. what's more, the World everywhere (Kim, 2001). These last perceptions have extraordinary importance to this paper since it is now showed from these that the standard of closeness just as different news esteems shares much for all intents and purpose with values that impact political connections between and among nations. Globalization: There is one factor in the current world scene that does, all things considered, abrogate connections among geologically and socially proximal countries. While the paper finds that land and social closeness has been considered as a marker of levels of conciliatory exercises it likewise understands that it should likewise think about parts of globalization, the cutting edge overall marvel that is required to give aggregate exertion towards all around intrusive issues like demilitarization, arms guidelines, fighting universal fear mongering, cross-fringe wrongdoing and the medication exchange and use, assurance of human rights, anticipation of environmental change and desertification, advancement of practical turn of events, struggle counteraction and improvement help and collaboration, peacemaking and keeping and remote exchange (Sucharipa, Undated). In this setting almost certainly, national nearness isn't the main abrogating factor for fortifying discretionary ties among countries. Nor is it likely that contention among countries in geographic nearness will stay contained inside that area without exertion from the worldwide network towards it rapid enhancement. Along these lines, in this sense, it is seen that geographic and social closeness isn't considered as significant a marker of political will as it was a couple of years sooner. Rather, it is again seen that national international strategy isn't contained to outside the nation by the guardian practical and kept separated from its residential one. This is on the grounds that different branches of the country, for example, the natural one, may require direct contact with universal offices without looking for consent of the international strategy producers (Sucharipa, Undat

Globalization and the United States Military Policy Essay

Globalization and the United States Military Policy - Essay Example The US military troop has likewise watched same lines of destinations. The changed approach of the US government in controlling and setting rule for activity has been managed contrastingly by various pioneers. A portion of the approaches have experienced analysis, while some have been valued, in setting of worldwide just as the satiate system. The effect of US military soldiers on globalization won't give a lot of help to restore its prevailing nature and mirror its quality. US Military arrangement: Off late US military is away from crusades and fights and have enjoyed harmony implementation. The prevalence of US military appears to corrupt in issues of practicing powers with the arms stockpiles like rocket and the Nuclear weapons. The hugeness of the United States as a military force appears to decrease. The work of the US powers is utilized in territories to expand social joining, in taking care of occasions of catastrophic event. American military is encountering another time in t he approach of globalization. Huge changes in the strategic US military have been seen with change mentalities. The adjustment in US approach of military organization was seen in the Weinberger-Powell tenet in 1984. The regulation determined conditions where the US powers are to be sent. The primary target of the precept was to forestall the calamity which happened in Vietnam. It indicated that Americans ought to enjoy battle or war possibly on occasion when the nations intrigue is at its stake. The missions ought to been attempted just on the off chance that it has comparative political and military targets. The organization should possibly be done when all the measures attempted have fizzled. (Preble, 2011)The Weinberger-Powell convention appears to evaporate with the start of the Bush period in The United States. George Bush sent The US powers in the northern Iraq and Somalia and furthermore conveyed air assault in parts of Iraq. The strategy of US president Bill Clinton was like wise straightforward. His principle implied the need towards shirking of any loss and the utilization of power to cause supreme insignificant harm. Anyway the compulsion to place the most grounded military power of the world energetically was additionally barely opposed by him. Under his system assaults against Iraq for rebuffing Saddam Husain was likewise completed. In addition, Serbia was likewise exposed to day by day bombings by the US military power. Clinton government was anyway key in the utilization of powers. Powers were sent in explicit targets which had lesser likelihood of causing carnage and butcher, and had constrained capacity to fight back. A reasonable qualification was drawn between the terms war and assaults in the sceneries of national penance. US military and globalization: With Globalization sneaking in and the world encountering an open economy, America despite everything convinces to feature its worldwide force. America plans to set up a worldwide request wit h transparency as its essential qualities. The development of an open world will make open doors for new military prerequisites. The best possible working of the open economy will expect rules to be confined. US plans to bestow control and union to the framework. The principles encircled by the US government should be kept up by the countries and they need to comply with the central monetary significance of the worldwide market. President Clinton had the view that without the nearness

Cold war Term Paper - 2750 Words

Cold war (Term Paper Sample) Content: Name:Professor:Course:Date:Cold warThe most important aspects of the Cold War were neither military nor strategic nor Europe-centered, but connected to political and social development in the Third World (Odd Arne Westad The Global Cold countries in the forty years after the Second world War, and little support for the kind War 396). Do you agree?Evaluating the work done by Westad, it is worth noting that he primarily draws on the whole history of both the Soviet Union and the US, after which he lays the foundation of the two countries approach to the external intervention and ideological differences. Further, he traces the impact of the intervention all the way down to the twenty-first century. As per his claim, The most important aspects of the Cold War were neither military nor strategic nor Europe-centered, but connected to political and social development in the Third World is true. He discusses this phenomenon in depth, in the book; by mentioning countries lik e Ethiopia and Angola, Afghanistan, Nicaragua and Cuba all of which states that, the important factor of the cold war was centered on the phenomenon of making policies.The historical evolution of the attitudes of the Soviet and third world leaders together with US to the cold war world are set in the first three chapters by Westad. He first points out that the USs ideology can be traced back to the early republic. According to him, he explains that it is this countrys beliefs in free market economics, process, and liberty that resulted to the intervention policies in the East Asia, together with the Africa and Americas that for a long time propelled to the cold war. In so doing, the US country made it easy for the justification once any communism could show a threat. The attitude of American evolution was not any smooth as expected that is why they took in the existence of slavery until the emergence of the civil war, the creation of the US colonies for instance the Philippians and the destruction of the Native Americans. There was a paternalistic notion of not only guiding but also emancipating the colored races. This was a bridge in that the colored nation could think that they are being guided only that they were been manipulated. Further, this was reinforcement to the post-war agendas of both development and nation building in the third world.On the USSR side, the country developed its own driven ideology in the agenda of modernization and progress despite of the skepticism of Joseph Stalin. As much as the anti-capitalist and antireligious beliefs system were more different as compared to that one of the America, the Soviet communism also was a product that enlightened and shaped exceptionalism as well as its 1917 post experience, directed into a mission to shape the world in its own image.After a while, in the year 1945, the super powers found themselves with a sense of enormous power, destiny and a mutual rivalry that was intense and that was formulated to appeal the third world leaders. However, this was not least, as it was expected that both the Soviet empires and the US were expected to be different all in the aim of retreating the empires of the European. On the other hand, Washington and Moscow did hold a part in the cold war, however, theirs was to improve and control and not to subject and exploit (Westad 45).In the same manner, the third world leaders had a plan of their own. They had emerged from the European exploitation and that they were determined to throw off the remaining chains of colonialism. After which, they also anticipated to make their new states that could be a bit great and stable than the previous ones, furthermore, they wanted to build their own global agenda based on the racial equality system. Their hopes were to make it a just international system that will foster economic system and put to an end the external interventions. This effort began in 1961, where two leaders; that is the Nehru of India and t he Egypts Nasser got a revelation of creating an alignment movement that will literarily assert the independence of both the West and the East.Unfortunately, the movement did not stay long, in that by the year 1970 all leaders were no more, because of either being overthrown or being dead. As the third world countries tried to stabilize, the so-called developed countries took advantage of their infancy and manipulated their way to conquer them. Several of the postcolonial governments were being overthrown by the military, and that is why, the westerners continued to exert dominance in economic. Taking the advantage of the poor and struggling third countries, the western countries fought to get to power so that they can fully control the third world. The only promising way forward that the third world leaders decide to turn to was the Marxism.According to Westad in his book Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times; Jeremi Suri, Power and Protest: Global Revolutions and t he Rise of DÃ ©tente;," he argues that, by this time, the United Sates had done a lot in creating a third world its entity (p 157). They did this by its radicalism intervention in Guatemala and Iran. They also did this by supporting the Israel. It is imperative that they interfered Congo in the early 1960s and then supported the Laissez-faires economic system. These interventions literally kept the or rather pinned down much of the third world, dictating them to remain in poverty. Due to this, all the third world served to alienate all those who had positively supported the agenda of the non-aligned movement. The US also was critical to the European empires. Consequently, they decided to follow a new route of extinguishing the European empires. They started this project by trying to extinguish the Dutch's presence in Indonesia and the presence of French in Vietnam. Moreover, they opposed the French and British over the expedition of the Suez in 1956.However, in some areas, the Euro pean departure was seen as a pave away to the American to form a sponsorship of a certain particular regime. In that regime, the local leaders were not expected to follow Washington agenda. This resulted in the souring of relations. Hence, the leaders started to opt for Moscow for assistance. This was a time, which made leaders like Nikita to seek courts support over the third world. In defense of their revolutions, Vietnam and Cuba challenged Washington, and further they went ahead to challenge the course set by the USSR for social development. China was the first country to pave the way for such independent brands of communism. They then started to criticize Moscow for the lack of revolutionary favor. Ho C. Minh and Fidel Castro were contented and very happy to receive the aid of the Soviet against that of the United States. They did this with the aim of challenging the West. They even were ready to embrace the Kremlin at length all in the name of opposing the West. As much as a t hird world tried to oppose the US, it was noted still in the lengthy that the country had a hand in the third world (Westad 187).During the 1970s, several events in the third world drew near to the centrality of the cold war. Angola participated in a civil war in the year 1974-6 that they won. This did send a positive message to the Soviet since they thought that the world was favoring them, (p. 241). It is imperative that the war between Somalia and Ethiopia made the US suspicious. This is when US knew that the third world intervention was far from an easy task. Several events occured, this made the US realize that even if they had to task control of the third world as they wished hard work was inevitable. As the superpowers were still meditating on which path to follow, the Afghanistan and Iran surprised them with unexpected quarter. This quarter was the upsurge in a form of military that critically rejected both the Marxism and liberal-capitalism. Prior to that, the superpowers d ecide to fight each other in competing for the resources that the third world had. Therefore, they decide to preoccupy themselves with one on one competition.The US under Ronald Reagan opted to belief in an aggressive policy though foreign but under the umbrella of neo-conservation. However, they were yet unable to use their military forces perfectly in the awakening of the Vietnam. This portrayed that they were ready to work with anyone who opposed the adventurism of the Soviet in the third world, Mujaheddin included in Afghanistan just to mention but a few. This was also another indication to the US that they are not perfect and that the military they have might not be so much effective as they had thought.According to Westads argument, it can be noted that most of the previous historians have concentrated so much on the focus that the Soviet and the US intervention in the third world to be as if it is a thing of afterthought ,' after the taking off of the cold war rivalry. He fur ther argues that as much as the cold war had a more profound impact on the third worlds development, he views the most important aspect of cold war as being not European centered, or Military or strategic. However, the most important factor was a more of a connection to the social development and political issue to the third world (Grant, 14). I fully second this opinion, since the superpowers were using their powers to take control of the third world political so that they can benefit their country with the third worlds resources. They also got interesting the third world because they wanted third world countries to develop social, under the lineage of their country, so that they can gain dominance if not prominence. In addition, this is what caused all the competition, fight, and rebellions.It can be noted that the historians did not fu...

Enrons Scandal Of Corporate America - 1713 Words

Enron had been the darling of corporate America: it was voted its most innovative company, adviser to US Government, a Fortune 500 top ten player, backed by the world’s biggest banks and rated by the top market analysts (Tonge, Greer, Lawton, 2003). While it is shocking to hear about ethical scandals from big corporations, this paper discusses the major reasons and lessons learnt from Enron’s scandal. Enron’s scandal wasn’t caused by few â€Å"bad apples† but the organization’s culture, as set by Enron’s leadership, was the main driving force toward unethical behavior (Kulik, O Fallon Salimath, 2008). However, it didn’t take one party to destroy this great structure; many parties were responsible for it starting with its leadership, then its auditors, and the entire US financial system that consequently learnt the lesson and have made major changes that seem to be effective nevertheless continuous follow up and close monitorin g is still necessary to avoid having another Enron in the future. Factual Background Formed in 1985 from a merger of Houston Natural Gas and Internorth, Enron Corp. was the first nationwide natural gas pipeline network. Over time, the firm’s business focus shifted from the regulated transportation of natural gas to unregulated energy trading markets (Jickling, 2002) which was perceived to be innovative outstanding business strategy that increased profits by about 90 billion over 10 years (Jickling, 2002). 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Christopher Columbus Discovered The New World - 851 Words

In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the â€Å"New World.† After his discovery many other explorers and missionaries from Europe explored, and eventually settled in America. By 1700 the Anglo population in the English colonies in America reached two hundred and fifty thousand (Carlisle and Golson, 2006, p.233). This was the first time European settlers came into contact with American indigenous people. Europeans were shocked and confused when observing the Native Americans. In Europe at this time, women were only thought of as mothers who spent their days cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the children. Native American women however were builders, craftswomen, healers, warriors, farmers, as well as mothers. Intermarriage between Native American women and male settlers, traders, and explorers also took place combining their cultures, beliefs, and biology, making women work as a culture-bonding mediator in American history. Intermarriage between Native American women and European men was common because very few of the European arrivals were women. Gender roles were very different in Native America way of life compared to Europe, especially the roles and responsibilities of the women. Intermarriage between Europeans and Native Americans became increasingly common as more Europeans arrived, especially between Natives and Europeans involved in the fur trade. Calloway (2013) wrote: Like the voyageurs of the Canadian fur trade, trappers and traders who traveled, lived, andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Christopher Columbus Discovered The New World And Europeans Conquered The Native Lands With Little Resistance1208 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Christopher Columbus discovered the ‘New World’ and Europeans conquered the native lands with little resistance due to their superior weaponry.† These stories have been at the heart of the American education system for as long as American history existed. 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Close analysis of beginning of chapter III in The Great Gatsby Essay Example For Students

Close analysis of beginning of chapter III in The Great Gatsby Essay In this passage, Nick, the narrator, sees the exhibition of wealth at his neighbours house intensify. He has not personally met the elusive Gatsby previously, having only seen him reaching out to the green light on Daisys dock, but he can see the spectacle of Gatsbys mansion, inflated here in preparation for a party. Fitzgerald uses lavish images and detailed description to introduce to the reader the extravagance of Gatsbys parties, which are representative of the excessive indulgence of the high society of the time. The chapter begins, There was music in my neighbours house through the summer nights, which immediately informs the reader that parties were a regular occurrence, alluding to the indulgence of the host. It is clear that Gatsbys parties involve drinking on a grand scale, so they were in themselves unlawful at this time of prohibition. The five crates of oranges and lemons that arrived every Friday are like Gatsbys guests who left after expending all energy through partying; every Monday left his back door in a pyramid of pulpless halves. The masses of oranges and lemons and constant references to gins and liquors and cocktails permeate the garden provide an explanation for the chaotic and destructive behaviour and later in the chapter the inebriation of the guests is revealed. The extravagance relating to alcohol consumption is great; there is even a bar with a real brass rail set up. Drink figures again later in a metaphorical manner; laughter is easier minute by minute, spilled with prodigality, tipped out at a cheerful word. This emphasises the reliance these people had on alcohol and the frivolity of the situation. Fitzgerald describes the bar as being in full swing and Fitzgerald personifies the air saying it is alive with the onomatopoeic chatter and laughter A major characteristic of the affluent in the 1920s was their carelessness, a trait of a number of people in the novel, including the Buchannans and Jordan Baker as well as the party guests. The language used in the passage highlights this attribute for example, the casual innuendo and introductions forgotten on the spot, and enthusiastic meetings between women who never knew each others names. The guests who came and went all have an air of anonymity; Fitzgerald presents them as faceless. Fitzgerald writes, In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars. Fitzgerald compares Gatsbys guests the high society of New York and the surrounding area who exploit Gatsbys great generosity to moths, in this simile, which presents the guests as selfish, hedonistic people, mindlessly drawn to the splendour of the parties, as moths are to light. There is also a self-destructive implication in comparing the guests to moths who fly into flames to their death. The use of the onomatopoeic word, whisperings assists in the building up of atmosphere in the scene, conjuring thoughts of illicit conversations, thus adding to the mystery surrounding Gatsby. That the guests mingle among the champagne and the stars, adds to the glamour and luxury of the scene; the materialistic culture where overindulgence was common practice is portrayed here. Fitzgerald asserts the lack of respect the guests have for Gatsby and his property in saying, on Mondays eight servants, including an extra gardener, toiled all day with mops and scrubbing-brushes and hammers and garden-shears, repairing the ravages of the night before. The long sentence with the repeated use of the word and, and the use of metonyms, emphasises the extent of the damage caused. In addition, Fitzgeralds diction alludes to the destructive behaviour of the guests with the use of the word ravages. .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8 , .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8 .postImageUrl , .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8 , .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8:hover , .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8:visited , .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8:active { border:0!important; } .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8:active , .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8 .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub83a170817340d0ef32c419482e5e8b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Julius Ceaser: Brutus Character Analysis EssayAt the beginning of Chapter II, Fitzgerald introduced the reader to the valley of ashes, inhabited by the despondent Wilsons, where predominantly the landscape was grey. He referred to the grey cars and the ash grey men, evoking very negative responses and hinting at the misery of the residents. By contrast, the vibrant colour used throughout this passage represents the decadence of the elite, illustrating the scene of affluence, from the blue gardens and enough coloured lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsbys garden to the gaudy primary colours. There is a somewhat magical sense to the affair, even the hors-doeuvres are glistening and the salads are of harlequin designs. Similarly, the turkeys bewitched to a dark gold imply great wealth and maintain the aura of mystery surrounding Gatsby; every component is ostentatious and extravagant. Throughout the passage, Fitzgerald insinuates there is something sinister or immoral about Gatsbys guests; by comparing Gatsbys car, which ferries them to and from the parties, to a parasitic brisk yellow bug, he instils a negative view in the reader. After writing of the food and drink at the parties, the pace quickens when Fitzgerald resumes the present tense, giving a sense of immediacy. The description remains visual with the brilliant colours and description of the lights that grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun. This image implies a sudden change as the day ends and the guests lurch into party mode, with an additional connotation of reckless, drunken behaviour. The light is then described as constantly changing, which parallels the action of the guests whose groups change more swiftly, swell with new arrivals, dissolve and form in the same breath. The atmosphere approaches a climax in the final paragraph where there is a sense of urgency when suddenly one of these gypsies, in trembling opal dances out alone on the canvas platform under a momentary hush. Finally, there is a burst of chatter as rumours circulate that she may be a celebrity before Fitzgerald simply states that, the party has begun.